Fragmentation occurs when a large area of ecosystem is divided into smaller, isolated areas due to deforestation. After fragmentation, changes to the ecosystem can occur. Which is most likely an effect of fragmentation on an ecosystem?

a. Animal species in the fragmented area utilize new food sources in the deforested area.

b. Plant species from the deforested area alter conditions at the edge of the fragmented area.

c. The nutrient cycle is replenished by new species colonizing the deforested area.

d. Most native species disappear from both deforested and fragmented areas. ​