a) One possible research question is: Does the season in wich people is born have any effect on their personality tipes?
b) The sample is: the 600 people analysed in the study. Remember that the sample is a representative selection form the whole population, this to reduce costs and time. In this case researchers could not afford to analyse millions of people so they chose 600.
c) The season in wich you were born is the independent variable. This means that the researcher can't do anything to interfer with it. This kind of variable is the one that affects the dependent one.