The "doll test" studies were instrumental in the Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) decision ruling racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional since "Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal", and thus a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. While it overturned the precedent established in _________, the decision did not spell out any sort of method for ending racial segregation in schools.
1) Marbury v. Madison (1803)
2) United States v. Hudson (1812)
3) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
4) Berger v. United States (1935)