Treatment of atrial fibrillation-related hemodynamic instability may include:
a) Electrical cardioversion to restore normal sinus rhythm
b) Intravenous antiarrhythmic medications (e.g., amiodarone, procainamide) to control the heart rate and rhythm
c) Rapid rate control with intravenous beta-blockers or calcium channel blockers if cardioversion is not immediately available
d) Consideration of anticoagulation therapy to reduce the risk of thromboembolic events, particularly if atrial fibrillation has been present for >48 hours or of unknown duration